Acupuncture
Acupuncture is a technique of inserting and manipulating fine filiform needles into specific points on the body to relieve pain or for therapeutic purposes.[3] The word acupuncture comes from the Latin acus, “needle”, and pungere, “to prick”. In Standard Mandarin, 針砭 (zhēn biān) (a related word, 針灸 (zhēn jiǔ), refers to acupuncture together with moxibustion).[4]
According to traditional Chinese medical theory, acupuncture points are situated on meridians along which qi, the vital energy, flows. There is no known anatomical or histological basis for the existence of acupuncture points or meridians.[5][6] Modern acupuncture texts present them as ideas that are useful in clinical practice.[7][8][9] According to the NIH consensus statement on acupuncture, these traditional Chinese medical concepts “are difficult to reconcile with contemporary biomedical information but continue to play an important role in the evaluation of patients and the formulation of treatment in acupuncture.”[6]
The earliest written record that is available about acupuncture is Huangdi Neijing (黄帝内经 or Yellow Emperor’s Inner Canon), which suggests acupuncture originated in China and would explain why it is most commonly associated with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).[10] Different types of acupuncture (Classical Chinese, Japanese, Tibetan, Vietnamese and Korean acupuncture) are practiced and taught throughout the world.
Acupuncture has been the subject of active scientific research since the late 20th century,[11] and its effects and application remain controversial among Western medical researchers and clinicians.[11] Because it is a procedure rather than a pill, the design of controlled studies is challenging, as with surgical and other procedures.[6][11][12][13][14] Some scholarly reviews conclude that acupuncture’s effects are mainly placebo,[15][16] and others find likelihood of efficacy for particular conditions.[11][17][18] The WHO endorses acupuncture for approximately two dozen conditions, and says evidence is suggestive but inconclusive for several dozen more.[19]. Additionally, the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the American Medical Association (AMA) and various government reports have studied and commented on the efficacy (or lack thereof) of acupuncture. There is general agreement that acupuncture is safe when administered by well-trained practitioners using sterile needles, and that further research is appropriate.[6][20][21][22]